Characteristics and formation of marine geohazard in the North Yellow Sea and adjacent areas

Based on multibeam bathymetry, shallow seismic profile, and other geophysical data from the North Yellow Sea and adjacent areas, a comprehensive classification system for geohazards across the entire North Yellow Sea was established. The types, spatial distribution patterns, and formation mechanisms of geohazards in the study area were. Firstly, geohazard bodies in the North Yellow Sea were categorized into three types according to their genesis: endogenic dynamic factors (active tectonic structures), exogenic dynamic shaping factors (seafloor surface features), and shallow-buried features. Secondly, the spatial distribution characteristics of geohazards and regional risk levels were elucidated. For instance, the northern waters of the Shandong Peninsula were identified as a high-risk area, primarily influenced by earthquakes and active faults. Finally, the dominant controlling factors for geohazard development were identified: Late Quaternary sea-level fluctuations (the MIS 5-MIS 1 sedimentary cycle) were found the key driver for the formation of surficial and shallow-buried geohazards, while tectonic activity may cause the basement instability, leading to geohazards such as volcanic activity, magmatic diapirs, and shallow-buried bedrock disturbance. These findings provide a critical scientific basis for geohazard risk assessment, marine engineering safety protection, and resource exploration and development in the North Yellow Sea.